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Metanoia (from the Greek , ''metanoia'', "changing one's mind") has been used in psychology since at least the time of American thinker William James to describe a process of fundamental change in the human personality.〔Petrushka Clarkson, ''On Psychotherapy'' (1993) p. 57〕 The term derives from the Ancient Greek words μετά (''metá'') (meaning "beyond" or "after") and νόος (''noeō'') (meaning "perception" or "understanding" or "mind"), and takes on different meanings in different contexts. ==Developments== William James used the term metanoia to refer to a fundamental and stable change in an individual's life-orientation.〔Petrushka Clarkson, ''On Psychotherapy'' (1993) p. 57〕 Carl Gustav Jung developed the usage to indicate a spontaneous attempt of the psyche to heal itself of unbearable conflict by melting down and then being reborn in a more adaptive form - a form of self healing often associated with the mid-life crisis and psychotic breakdown, which can be viewed as a potentially productive process.〔R. Arp. ''1001 Ideas That Changed the Way We Think'' (2013) p. 255〕 Jung considered that psychotic episodes in particular could be understood as an existential crisis which might be an attempt at self-reparation: in such instances metanoia could represent a shift in the balance of the personality away from the persona towards the shadow and the self.〔Petrushka Clarkson, ''On Psychotherapy'' (1993) p. 56〕 Jung's concept of metanoia influenced R. D. Laing and his emphasis on the dissolution and replacement of everyday ego consciousness.〔D. A. Leeming et al, ''Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion'' (2010) p. 511〕 Laing's colleague, David Cooper, considered that “metanoia means change from the depths of oneself upwards into the ''superficies'' of one's social appearance” – a process that in the second of its three stages "generates the 'signs' of depression and mourning".〔David Cooper, ''The Death of the Family'' (1974) p. 13-4〕 Similarly influenced was the therapeutic community movement. Ideally, it aimed to support people whilst they broke down and went through spontaneous healing, rather than thwarting such efforts at self-repair by strengthening a person's existing character defences and thereby maintaining the underlying conflict. In transactional analysis, metanoia is used to describe the experience of abandoning an old scripted self or false self for a more open one: a process which may be marked by a mixture of intensity, despair, self-surrender, and an encounter with the inner void.〔Petrushka Clarkson, ''On Psychotherapy'' (1993) p. 63-4〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Metanoia (psychology)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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